從 EPA 測試報告分析 21 年式 Model 3 LR 里程提升來源::DDCAR 電動車

魔鬼藏在細節裡，EPA里程的換算公式中有個「調整係數」的參數，如果超過0.7太多，其實有灌水嫌疑

《TESLA 小知識》如何回推 EPA 里程「調整係數」 《TESLA 小知識》淺談 EPA 里程測試

20年式和21年式的Model 3 LR，EPA宣告里程從322英里→353英里，增加了9.6%／31英里／50公里，但真的有提升這麼多嗎？必須查閱EPA測試報告才能確認，以下內容有點冗長，如果不想看可以直接跳到第五段的總結，這篇比較像是個人對EPA測試迷思的追本溯源

【一、測試結果換算】 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●下面分別為20年式和21年式的EPA測試結果，單位為英里 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●市區工況里程分別為470.88和494.54 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●高速工況里程分別為441.68和446.78 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●以「預設」調整係數0.7計算，換算里程分別為320.418和331.134 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●以EPA宣告里程回推， <font style="font-size: 18px; font-family: Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">「實際」調整係數分別為0.703和0.746 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> 》前面提到超過0.7太多等同灌水，難道21年式的里程真的有灌水？

【二、測試過程的總放電量】 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●兩者於EPA測試過程的總放電量分別為79.766kWh和78.557kWh <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●根據歐洲Model 3註冊文件的電池容量從79kWh→82kWh，可假設21年式電量提升4% <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> <font style="font-size: 18px; font-family: Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">》21年式電池容量應有提升，但沒有反應在測試數據上，原因不明

【三、EPA電耗】 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●電量÷里程=電耗，單純以測試結果來看，總放電量÷宣告里程=EPA電耗 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●兩者的EPA電耗分別為248.944Wh/mi和237.237Wh/mi (差異4.9%) <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> <font style="font-size: 18px; font-family: Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">》21年式的電耗確實進步4.9%！

【四、電量假設】 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●假設電量真的提升4%，21年式的總放電量應該可以達到82.8kWh <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●以82.8kWh換算，測試里程可由331.134提升至349.019 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> <font style="font-size: 18px; font-family: Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">》以此結果計算，調整係數為0.708，可視為無灌水

【五、總結】 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●電量提升4%沒有反應在EPA測試數據上，原因不明 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●假設21年式電量真的提升4%，EPA宣告里程353英里可視為無灌水 <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> ●21年式電耗進步4.9% <br style="color:#222222; font-family:Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:18px; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:1px; orphans:2; text-align:start; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; background-color:#fdfdfd; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial" /> <font style="font-size: 18px; font-family: Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">》21年式EPA宣告里程提升9.6% (322→353)，其中4.9%來自電耗進步，約4%來自電量提升，剩下不到1%為調整係數差異

延伸閱讀： 《TESLA小知識》Model 3電池校正需「睡眠3小時」，缺乏校正會造成衰退假象 《TESLA專題》V3超充「電芯溫度」走勢圖／最高可達62.5度C 《TESLA專題》Model 3馬達廢熱加溫電芯實錄 (嚴寒時) 《TESLA專題》200kW超充電壓/電流/損耗全記錄 (電量10%~90%)

來源： https://iaspub.epa.gov/otaqpub/display_file.jsp?docid=51235&flag=1

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